Reducer for stabilization member in spinal surgery

ABSTRACT

A reducer comprises a reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member, a reducer body for engaging a pedicle screw extender and receiving the reducing shaft along an axis, and one or more of a three-pawl clutch mechanism, a three-stage locking mechanism and a closure mechanism. The clutch mechanism comprises a clutch housing comprising a central passage into which the reducing shaft extends and ports intersecting the central passage, a clutch knob surrounding the clutch housing, and clutch pawls disposed within the ports. The locking mechanism attaches the reducer body to the pedicle screw extender and comprises a first pivoting lever comprising a toothed end, a second pivoting lever comprising a socket for engaging the tooth, and a protrusion configured to engage the pedicle screw extender. The closure mechanism comprises a driver shaft extending through the reducing shaft and a biasing element to bias the driver shaft to a retracted position.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/233,050, filed on Aug. 13, 2021, which application is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document pertains generally, but not by way of limitation, todevices and methods for surgical procedures involving bones, such asthose involving the use of bone fasteners. More specifically, but not byway of limitation, the present application relates to extension devicesfor providing sub-dermal access to implanted pedicle screws of thespinal column.

BACKGROUND

Orthopedic devices such as rods, plates, tethers, staples, and otherdevices can be used in various spinal procedures to correctabnormalities (e.g., scoliosis) or to address injuries (e.g., vertebralfracture). In some spinal procedures, anchors and rods can be securedalong a spinal column to one or more vertebrae to stabilize a region ofthe spine. Surgical procedures for the spinal column have become lessinvasive by the use of specialized instrumentation and implants thatutilize extension devices to provide sub-dermal access through portalswithout having to make an access portal extending along the entireregion of the spine. However, some of the instruments used in minimallyinvasive spinal procedures can be difficult for the surgeon to useintraoperatively or provide unsatisfactory performance.

SUMMARY

Problems to be solved in performing surgical procedures on the spinewith extension devices or towers include balancing the ability to attachand detach the extender from a pedicle screw housing, the ability of theextender to stay attached to the pedicle screw housing while performinga procedure, and the ability to perform the desired procedure using theextender. For example, increasing the capability of the extender to stayattached to a pedicle screw can make operation of the extender moredifficult. An example tower is described in Pub. No. US 2020/0187987A1to Parker et al. titled “Split Tower for a Bone Anchor” and is hereinincorporated by reference. Similar problems associated with attachmentand operation can also be associated with the attachment between theextender and a reducer that can attach to the extender to reduce astabilization element within the extender.

The present subject matter can provide a solution to these and otherproblems, such as by providing a reducer for use with pedicle screwextenders and other anchor types that can be easily operated, robustlyattached to a pedicle screw extender, and allow for desired interactionwith other instruments. In examples, the present application providesreducers that can include a clutch mechanism to allow a reducing elementto easily move with the reducer, a locking mechanism to allow thereducer to robustly and securely attach to an extender, and a closuremechanism to allow a closure device, such as a set screw, to be loadedin a stab and grab manner, stored internally in the reducer shaft anddeployed via an independent internal shaft.

In another example, a reducer for a pedicle screw extender can comprisea reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member, the reducing shaftcomprising a threaded proximal end, a reducer body for engaging thepedicle screw extender and slidably engaged with the reducing shaftalong an axis, a clutch mechanism mounted to the reducer body, theclutch mechanism comprising a clutch housing comprising an annular body,a central passage extending through the annular body into which thethreaded proximal end of the reducing shaft is configured to extend, anda port extending into the annular body to intersect the central passage,a clutch knob surrounding the annular body, and a clutch pawl disposedwithin the port, wherein rotation of the clutch knob is configured topush the clutch pawl into engagement with the threaded proximal end.

In another example, a reducer for a pedicle screw extender can comprisea reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member, a reducer body forengaging the pedicle screw extender and slidably engaged with thereducing shaft along an axis, and a locking mechanism configured toattach the reducer body to the pedicle screw extender, the lockingmechanism comprising a first lever comprising a first pivoting portionconnected to the reducer body and a toothed end, and a second levercomprising a second pivoting portion connected to the reducer body, asocket configured to engage the tooth and a protrusion configured toengage the pedicle screw extender through the reducer body.

In another example, a reducer for a pedicle screw extender can comprisea canulated reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member, areducer body for engaging the pedicle screw extender and slidablyengaged with the canulated reducing shaft along an axis, a clutchmechanism mounted to the reducer body, the clutch mechanism configuredto selectively allow the reducing shaft to move through the reducer bodyto push the stabilization member into a housing of a pedicle screw, anda closure mechanism comprising a driver shaft extending through thecanulated reducing shaft, and a biasing element to bias the driver shaftto a retracted position within the reducing shaft.

It is to be appreciated that any feature described herein can be claimedin combination with any other feature(s) as described herein, regardlessof whether the features come from the same described embodiment.

The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosurewill be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-endedexpressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. Forexample, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at leastone of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B,or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.When each one of A, B, and C in the above expressions refers to anelement, such as X, Y, and Z, or class of elements, such as X1-Xn,Y1-Ym, and Zl-Zo, the phrase is intended to refer to a single elementselected from X, Y, and Z, a combination of elements selected from thesame class (e.g., X1 and X2) as well as a combination of elementsselected from two or more classes (e.g., Y1 and Zo).

The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. Assuch, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can beused interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms“comprising”, “including”, and “having” can be used interchangeably.

The preceding is a simplified summary of the disclosure to provide anunderstanding of some aspects of the disclosure. This summary is neitheran extensive nor exhaustive overview of the disclosure and its variousaspects, embodiments, and configurations. It is intended neither toidentify key or critical elements of the disclosure nor to delineate thescope of the disclosure but to present selected concepts of thedisclosure in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detaileddescription presented below. As will be appreciated, other aspects,embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure are possibleutilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features setforth above or described in detail below.

Numerous additional features and advantages of the present disclosurewill become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration ofthe embodiment descriptions provided hereinbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are incorporated into and form a part of thespecification to illustrate several examples of the present disclosure.These drawings, together with the description, explain the principles ofthe disclosure. The drawings simply illustrate preferred and alternativeexamples of how the disclosure can be made and used and are not to beconstrued as limiting the disclosure to only the illustrated anddescribed examples. Further features and advantages will become apparentfrom the following, more detailed, description of the various aspects,embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure, as illustrated by thedrawings referenced below.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a bone anchor tower showing a towerbody, an inner slide and a cap assembly according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the bone anchor tower of FIG.1 showing a tower body, a pair of inner slides and a cap assemblyaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a first side view of the tower body of FIGS. 1 and 2 showing adeflectable arm in the tower body according to at least one embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a second side view of the tower body of FIGS. 1 and 2 showingan opening for other instruments or implants such as rods according toat least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the tower body of FIGS. 1 and 2showing slide rails for the inner slides according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a proximal end view of the tower body showing rail segmentsfor the inner slides according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 7 is a close-up perspective view of a distal end of the tower bodyof FIGS. 3-5 showing bone anchor housing retainers exploded therefromaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a first side view of an inner slide showing slide slots, alocking window and pin holes according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a second side view of the inner slide of FIG. 8 showing theside slots according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the inner slide of FIGS. 8 and 9showing cross-sectional profiles of the slide slots according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a threaded end of FIG. 2 according toat least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an inner ring of FIG. 2 according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an outer ring of FIG. 2 according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a cap of FIG. 2 according to at leastone embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a bone anchor housing retainer of FIG.7 according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an arm ramp of FIG. 2 according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17A is a perspective view of a bone anchor housing retainer of FIG.7 according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17B is a front view of the bone anchor housing retainer of FIG. 17Aaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a distal end of an assembled boneanchor tower of the present application showing assembly of featuresconfigured to hold a bone anchor housing and splay deflectable arms anddeflectable prongs of the tower body to release the bone anchor housingaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19A is a side view of the cap assembly of FIG. 1 showing the cap ina fully advanced position to provide locking functionality with apedicle screw housing according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 19B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of the tower of FIG.1 showing arm ramps of deflectable arms locked with windows of innerslides and retainers of the deflectable arms engaged with a bone anchorhousing according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19C is side view of the distal end of the tower of FIG. 1 showingrail segments of deflectable prongs engaged with slots of an inner slideand bone anchor retainers of deflectable prongs engaged with the boneanchor housing according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 20A is a side view of the cap assembly of FIG. 1 showing the cap ina partially retracted position to provide attaching functionality with apedicle screw housing according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 20B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of the tower of FIG.1 showing arm ramps of deflectable arms positioned within windows ofinner slides and retainers of the deflectable arms engaged with a boneanchor housing according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 20C is side view of the distal end of the tower of FIG. 1 showingrail segments of deflectable prongs disengaged with slots of an innerslide and bone anchor retainers of deflectable prongs engaged with thebone anchor housing according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 21A is a side view of the cap assembly of FIG. 1 showing the cap ina fully retracted position to providing separating functionality with apedicle screw housing according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of the tower of FIG.1 showing arm ramps of deflectable arms interfering with windows ofinner slides according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 21C is side view of the distal end of the tower of FIG. 1 showingrail segments of deflectable prongs interfering with prong pins of aninner slide according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the distal end of the tower of FIGS.21B and 21C with the deflectable arms and deflectable prongs in asplayed state according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a bone anchor comprising a threadedfastener and a rod housing suitable for use with the bone anchor towerof FIGS. 1 - 22 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 24A is a side view of a reducer for a pedicle screw tower of thepresent disclosure comprising a palm handle, a reducer assembly, areducing shaft and a driver according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 24B is a perspective view of the reducer of FIG. 24A with the palmhandle removed according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 25 is an exploded perspective view of the palm handle of FIG. 24Aaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 is an exploded view of the reducer of FIG. 24B showing thereducer assembly, the reducing shaft and the driver according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of the reducer assembly of FIG. 26comprising a clutch mechanism and a locking mechanism according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28 is an exploded view of the reducer assembly of FIG. 27 accordingto at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a reducer body of the reducer assemblyof FIG. 28 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of the reducer body of FIG. 29according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a clutch housing of the reducerassembly of FIG. 28 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of the clutch housing of FIG. 31according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 33 is a first side view of the reducing shaft of FIGS. 24 - 26according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 34 is a second side view of the reducing shaft of FIGS. 24 - 26according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 35 is an end view of the reducing shaft of FIGS. 24 - 26 accordingto at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a clutch knob of the reducer assemblyof FIG. 27 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view of the clutch knob of FIG. 36according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 38 is a side view of a plunger for a closure top starter of thedriver of FIG. 26 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view of the plunger of FIG. 38 according toat least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 40 is a front view of a pawl for the clutch mechanism of FIG. 27according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view of the pawl of FIG. 40 according to atleast one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 is a front view of an upper release lever for the lockingmechanism of FIG. 27 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of the upper release lever of FIG. 42according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 44 is a front view of a lower release lever for the lockingmechanism of FIG. 27 according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view of the lower release lever of FIG. 44according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view of the reducer of FIG. 24A showing aclutch mechanism, a locking mechanism and a driver mechanism accordingto at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 47 is a close-up longitudinal cross-sectional view of the lockingmechanism of FIG. 46 in a locked state according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 48 is a close-up longitudinal cross-sectional view of the lockingmechanism of FIG. 46 in an unlocked state according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 49 is a close-up longitudinal cross-sectional view of the lockingmechanism of FIG. 46 in an open state according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 50 is a close-up longitudinal cross-sectional view of the clutchmechanism of FIG. 24A in an unlocked state according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 51 is a close-up axial cross-sectional view of the clutch mechanismof FIG. 24A in an unlocked state according to at least one embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 52 is a close-up longitudinal cross-sectional view of the clutchmechanism of FIG. 24A in a locked state according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 53 is a close-up axial cross-sectional view of the clutch mechanismof FIG. 24A in a locked state according to at least one embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of a reducer mechanism of the presentdisclosure being used to attach a closure device to a pedicle screwhousing using a driver and a reducing shaft according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numeralsmay describe similar components in different views. Like numerals havingdifferent letter suffixes may represent different instances of similarcomponents. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, butnot by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the presentdocument.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may becombined in different combinations than the combinations specificallypresented in the description and accompanying drawings. It should alsobe understood that, depending on the example or embodiment, certain actsor events of any of the processes or methods described herein may beperformed in a different sequence, and/or may be added, merged, or leftout altogether (e.g., all described acts or events may not be necessaryto carry out the disclosed techniques according to different embodimentsof the present disclosure). In addition, while certain aspects of thisdisclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unitfor purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques ofthis disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modulesassociated with, for example, a computing device and/or a medicaldevice.

Before any embodiments of the disclosure are explained in detail, it isto be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its applicationto the details of construction and the arrangement of components setforth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Thedisclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or ofbeing carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that thephraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein ismeant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereofas well as additional items. Further, the present disclosure may useexamples to illustrate one or more aspects thereof. Unless explicitlystated otherwise, the use or listing of one or more examples (which maybe denoted by “for example,” “by way of example,” “e.g.,” “such as,” orsimilar language) is not intended to and does not limit the scope of thepresent disclosure.

The terms proximal and distal are used in this disclosure with theirconventional medical meanings, proximal being closer to the operator oruser of the system, and further from the region of surgical interest inor on the patient, and distal being closer to the region of surgicalinterest in or on the patient, and further from the operator or user ofthe system.

The systems and devices described below provide for a pedicle screwtower capable of attaching axially to, for example, a pedicle screwwithout rotational motion between the pedicle screw tower and thepedicle screw. In other words, the pedicle screw tower may be pushedonto the pedicle screw to thereby releasably attach the pedicle screwtower to the pedicle screw. Additionally, the pedicle screw tower canattach radially around the pedicle screw. Further, the pedicle screwtower may be moved between a first position to lock onto a pedicle screwhousing, a second position to allow deflectable arms deflectable prongsof the tower to slip onto a pedicle screw housing by deflecting, and athird position to push the deflectable arms and the deflectable prongsoutward to release a pedicle screw housing via a knob.

The systems and devices described below also provide for a reducer inwhich a load force can be carried by a reducing shaft of the reducerrather than the closure top. The reducer may include a clutch to helpcenter the reducing shaft and also allow the reducing shaft to movebetween different positions.

Turning first to FIG. 1 , a perspective view of a pedicle screw tower 10is shown. The pedicle screw tower 10 includes a tower body 12, one ormore inner slides 14 (visible in FIG. 2 ) and a cap assembly 16. The oneor more inner slides 14 may comprise two inner slides 14A and 14B asillustrated, though in other embodiments the one or more inner slides 14may comprise any number of slides. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspectiveview of the pedicle screw tower 10 of FIG. 1 . FIGS. 1 and 2 arediscussed concurrently.

The tower body 12 can comprise a proximal portion 18, a threaded end 19,one or more extenders such as a first extender 20A and a second extender20B, one or more deflectable arms such as a first deflectable arm 22Aand a second deflectable arm 22B, and one or more deflectable prongs 23such as deflectable prongs 23A-23D. It will be appreciated that in otherembodiments the one or more extenders may comprise any number ofextenders, the one or more deflectable arms may comprise any number ofdeflectable arms, and the one or more deflectable prongs may compriseany number of deflectable prongs. The inner slide 14A can comprise acoupling portion 24A and an actuation portion 26A and the inner slide14B can comprise a coupling portion 24B and an actuation portion 26B.The cap assembly 16 can comprise an outer ring 30, an inner ring 32, anda cap 34. The pedicle screw tower 10 can further comprise one or morecap pins comprising cap pins 36A and 36B, one or more slide pinscomprising slide pins 38A and 38B, one or more arm ramps comprising armramps 40A and 40B, one or more prong pins comprising prong pins 42A -42D and one or more pedicle screw retainers comprising pedicle screwretainers 44A and 44B. It will be appreciated that in other embodimentsthe one or more cap pins may comprise any number of cap pins, the one ormore arm ramps may comprise any number of arm ramps, the one or moreprong pins may comprise any number of prong pins, and the one or morepedicle screw retainers may comprise any number of pedicle screwretainers.

The cap 34 can be rotated to push and pull the inner slides 14A and 14Balong the first extender 20A and the second extender 20B, respectively.The inner slides 14A and 14B can engage with the arm ramps 40A and 40Bmounted to the deflectable arms 22A and 22B to cause the deflectablearms 22A and 22B to splay outward to release engagement with a housing204 of a pedicle screw 200 (shown in FIG. 23 ). Likewise, the prong pins42A - 42D can be assembled with the inner slides 14A and 14B to engagewith protrusions (e.g., one or more slide rails comprising slide rails72A - 72D) of the deflectable prongs 23A - 23D to cause the deflectableprongs 23A - 23D to splay outward to release engagement with the housing204 of the pedicle screw 200 (shown in FIG. 23 ). The prong pins 42A -42D can thus comprise actuation features. Additionally, as discussed ingreater detail below, the inner slides 14A and 14B can lock with thedeflectable arms 22A and 22B and the deflectable prongs 23A - 23D toprevent outward deflection.

The knob 34 can therefore be rotated to a first position (shown in FIGS.19A - 19C) to lock a tower 10 onto a pedicle screw housing, a secondposition (shown in FIGS. 20A - 20C) to allow the deflectable arms 22Aand 22B and the deflectable prongs 23A - 23D to slip onto a pediclescrew housing by deflecting, and a third position (shown in FIGS. 21A -21C) to push the deflectable arms 22A and 22B and the deflectable prongs23A - 23D outward to release a pedicle screw housing.

Turning to FIG. 3 , a side view of the tower body 12 showing adeflectable arm 22B within a second extender 20B is shown. Inparticular, the deflectable arm 22B is shown positioned between thedeflectable prongs 23B and 23D. The tower body 12 can comprise an endportion 18 at a proximal end. The end portion 18 can comprise a ring orother annular structure from which the first extender 20A and the secondextender 20B can extend in a distal direction.

The second extender 20B can include a pin hole 46B configured to receivethe pin 38B (visible in FIG. 2 ). The second deflectable arm 22B can beformed from a portion of second extender 20B via one or more break linescomprising break lines 48B and 48D. The second deflectable arm 22B caninclude a mounting bore 50B for the arm ramp 40B (visible in FIG. 2 )and a coupler bore 52B for receiving the retainer 44B (visible in FIG. 2).

The first extender 20A can include a pin hole 46A configured to thereceive pin 38A (visible FIG. 2 ). The first deflectable arm 22A can beformed from a portion of the first extender 20A via the one or morebreak lines comprising break lines 48A and 48C. The first deflectablearm 22A can include a mounting bore 50A for the arm ramp 40A (visible inFIG. 2 ) and a coupler bore 52A for receiving the retainer 44A (visiblein FIG. 2 ).

The tower body 12 can additionally include one or more ports comprisingports 54B and 60B, as well as ports 54A and 60A (visible in FIG. 4 ),configured to receive mating components from a reducer or anothercomponent. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments the one ormore ports may comprise any number of ports.

It will be appreciated that the first extender 20A and the secondextender 20B can include similar components as described throughout with“A” and “B” designators.

Turning to FIG. 4 , a side view of the tower body 12 showing an opening58 between the extenders 20A and 20B is illustrated. The opening 58 isconfigured to allow for the passage of an elongate fixation member, suchas a rod or tether, or other implants or instrumentation into or throughthe extenders 20A and 20B. The proximal portion 18 of the tower body 12can comprise the ports 60A and 60B (visible in FIG. 5 ), which areconfigured to receive mating components from a reducer or anothercomponent. For example, the ports 54A, 54B, 60A and 60B form an array ofequally spaced ports that can be coupled to a pair of tangs orprojections from a reducer.

The expandable prong 23A can comprise a first coupler socket 62A and theexpandable prong 23B can comprise a second coupler socket 62B. Theexpandable prongs 23A and 23B can form a portion of a u-shaped cutout64A therebetween, along with portions from the extenders 20A and 20B andthe proximal portion 18.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the tower body 12 taken at a sectionline 5-5 shown in FIG. 3 . As shown, the tower body 12 can comprise theextenders 20A and 20B, the expandable prongs 23C and 23D, the port 60B,and a proximal socket 61. The expandable prong 23C can comprise a thirdcoupler socket 62C and the expandable prong 23D can comprise a fourthcoupler socket 62D. The expandable prongs 23C and 23D can form au-shaped cutout 64B therebetween, along with portions from the extenders20A and 20B and the proximal portion 18.

As can be seen in FIG. 5 , the expandable prongs 23C and 23Dadditionally include one or more slide rails comprising slide rails 70Cand 70D. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments the one ormore slide rails may comprise any number of slide rails. The slide rail70C can comprise one or more rail segments comprising rail segments72C1, 72C2 and 72C3. The slide rail 70D can comprise the one or morerail segments comprising rail segments 72D1, 72D2 and 72D3. As can beseen in FIG. 6 , the expandable prongs 23A and 23B can include the oneor more slide rails comprising slide rails 70A and 70B. The slide rail70A can comprise the one or more rail segments comprising rail segments72A1, 72A2 and 72A3 and the slide rail 70B can comprise the one or morerail segments comprising rail segments 72B1, 72B2 and 72B3 (visible inFIGS. 6 and 19C, 20C, and 21C). It will be appreciated that the half ofthe tower body 12 shown in FIG. 5 is a mirror image of the half of thetower body 12 shown on the other side of the section line 5-5 of FIG. 3.

The slide rails 70A - 70D can interact with corresponding slots 86A and86B (visible in FIGS. 8 - 10 ) disposed on the on the inner slides 14Aand 14B to facilitate sliding of the inner slides 14A and 14B againstthe prongs 23A - 23D. As discussed herein, the slide rails 70A -70D caneach comprise three axially aligned segments (e.g., rail segments 72C1,72C2 and 72C3) that interact with two axially aligned segments of theslot 86A or 86B (visible in FIGS. 8 - 10 ) on the inner slide 14A or14B, thereby facilitating locking and expansion of the prongs 23A - 23Das discussed herein. The rail segments 72C1, 72C2 and 72C3 can be formedin conjunction with the shape of the break line 48C. That is, where thebreak line 48C widens the width of the deflectable arm 22A, gaps betweenthe rail segments 72C1, 72C2 and 72C3 are produced. Conversely, wherethe break line 48C narrows the width of the deflectable arm 22A, therail segments 72C1, 72C2 and 72C3 are produced.

FIG. 6 is a proximal end view of the tower body 12 showing the sliderails 70A, 70B, 70C and 70D extending relative to an axis A. The sliderails 70A and 70B can be positioned closer to a first side of theproximal portion 18, while the slide rails 70C and 70D can be positionedcloser to a second side opposite the first side of the proximal portion18. As such, the inner slide 14A can slide on the rails 70A and 70Cadjacent the deflectable arm 22A and the inner slide 14B can slide onthe rails 78B and 70D adjacent the deflectable arm 22B.

As can be seen in FIG. 6 , the slide rails 70A, 70B, 70C and 70Dcomprise cross-sectional profiles having lobed shapes. In theillustrated example, the lobed shaped comprise a circular profile thatcomprises approximately three-hundred degrees of a circle to provide acircular rail for the inner slides 14A and 14B to slide thereon. It willbe appreciated that in other embodiments the lobed shapes may comprise acircular profile having greater than or less than three-hundred degreesof a circle. The lobed shape allows for immobilization of the innerslides 14A and 14B in five degrees of freedom, permitting only axialmovement in the direction of axis A when engaged with the slots 86A and86B, while restraining circumferential and radial movement.

FIG. 7 is a close-up perspective view of a distal end of the tower body12 of FIGS. 3-5 and showing one or more pedicle screw retainerscomprising pedicle screw retainers 80A - 80D and the retainers 44A and44B exploded therefrom. It will be appreciated that in other embodimentsthe one or more pedicle screw retainers may comprise any number ofpedicle screw retainers. The retainers 44A and 44B can be disposedwithin the bores 52A and 52B. The retainers 80A - 80D can be disposedwithin the sockets 62A - 62D, respectively. The retainers 44A and 44Band the retainers 80A - 80D can include one or more radially innersurfaces comprising radially inner surfaces 82A and 82B and 84A - 84D,respectively, that are ramped with respect to the axis A to allow thehousing 204 (shown in FIG. 23 ) of the pedicle screw 200 (shown in FIG.23 ) to be inserted proximally into the tower body 12. It will beappreciated that in other embodiments the one or more radially innersurfaces can comprise any number of radially inner surfaces. Theradially inner surfaces 82A and 82B and 84A - 84D also prevent thehousing 204 from sliding distally out of the tower body 12 without thedeflectable arms 22A and 22B and the deflectable prongs 23A - 23Ddeflecting or splaying radially outward to release the retainers 44A and44B and retainers 80A - 80D from engagement with the housing.

The deflectable arms 22A and 22B can be provided with the bores 50A and50B, respectively, to receive the ramps 40A and 40B (shown in FIG. 2 ).The ramps 40A and 40B can engage with the inner slides 14A and 14B toeither lock the deflectable arms 22A and 22B (as shown in FIGS. 19B -19C), to not interfere with the deflectable arms 22A and 22B (as shownin FIGS. 20B - 20C), or to push the deflectable arms 22A and 22B outward(as shown in FIGS. 21B - 21C).

The ramps 40A and 40B, the retainers 44A and 44B, and the retainers80A - 80D can be configured to have interference fits with the bores 50Aand 50B, the bores 52A and 52B, and the sockets 62A - 62D, respectively.The bores 50A, 50B, 52A and 52B can comprise simple through bores. Inother instances, the bores 50A, 50B, 52A and 52B can comprise any shapedbore. The sockets 62A - 62D can comprise elongate, capsule shaped bores83A - 83D having counterbore portions 85A-85D extending from one side.In other embodiments, the sockets 62A - 62D can comprise any shapedsocket.

FIG. 8 is a first side view of the inner slide 14A showing the slideslots 86A and 86B, a locking window 88 and one or more pin holescomprising pin holes 90A and 90B. FIG. 9 is a second side view of theinner slide 14A of FIG. 8 . FIGS. 8 and 9 are discussed concurrently. Itwill be appreciated that in other embodiments the one or more pin holescan comprise any number of pin holes. The inner slide 14A and innerslide 14B can include similar components with “A” and “B” designators.

The slide slots 86A and 86B can include one or more cutouts comprisingcutouts 92A and 92B to break the slide slots 86A and 86B into proximalportions 86A1 and 86B1 and distal portions 86A2 and 86B2. It will beappreciated that in other embodiments the one or more cutouts cancomprise any number of cutouts. The inner slide 14A can further comprisea pin hole 94A for interaction with the pin 36A (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) and ports 96A and 98A for aligning with the ports 54A and 56A (shownin FIG. 5 ) of the tower body 12. The inner slide 14A can additionallyinclude a slot 100A for interacting with the pin 38A (shown in FIGS. 1and 2 ) and one or more through-bores 102 for lightening the inner slide14A and enabling easier cleaning of the tower body 12 between usage. Thepin holes 94A and pin 36A (shown in FIG. 2 ) can be used to assemble theinner slide 14A with the inner ring 32 (shown in FIG. 12 ) and the outerring 30 (shown in FIG. 13 ). The slot 100A can interact with the pin 38Ato help maintain the inner slide 14A in an axial alignment with thedeflectable arm 22A, such as when the rail segments 72A1 - 72A3 and72C1 - 72C3 disengage with the slide slots 86A and 86B.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the inner slide 14A of FIGS. 8 and9 showing a cross-sectional profile of the slide slots 86A and 86B. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the slide slots 86A and 86B have profilesshaped to receive rail segments 72A1 - 72A3 and 72C1 - 72C3 and can,thus, have circular profiles. However, in other embodiments, the railsegments 72A1 - 72A3 and 72C1 - 72C3 and the slide slots 86A and 86B canbe configured to have other profiles that can engage in a slidablerelationship.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the threaded end 19 of FIG. 2 . Thethreaded end 19 can comprise an annular body 104, an external threading106, an internal channel 108, a radial flange 110 and an axial extension111. The internal channel 108 can comprise one or more lobes comprisinglobes 112A - 112D. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments theone or more lobes can comprise any number of lobes. The axial extension111 can be configured to fit into the socket 61 (shown in FIG. 5 ). Theradial flange 110 can be configured to have approximately the same outerdiameter of the proximal portion 18. The external threading 106 can beconfigured to mate with internal threading of an internal channel 134 ofthe cap 34 (visible in FIG. 14 ). The lobes 112A and 112C can beconfigured to receive the coupling portions 24A and 24B of the innerslides 14A and 14B, respectively. The lobes 112B and 112D of theinternal channel 108 can be configured to receive mating components of areducer in two different orientations.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the inner ring 32 of FIG. 2 . The innerring 32 can comprise an annular body 114, one or more bores comprisingbores 116A and 116B, an internal channel 118 and a flange 120. Theinternal channel 118 can comprise one or more lobes comprising lobes122A - 122D. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments the one ormore lobes can comprise any number of lobes and the one or more borescan comprise any number of bores. The bores 116A and 116B can beconfigured to receive the pins 36A and 36B to facilitate assembly of thecap assembly 16. The lobes 122A - 122D of the internal channel 118 canbe configured to align with the lobes 112A - 112D of the threaded end 19(shown in FIG. 11 ) to facilitate assembly with the coupling portions24A and 24B of inner slides 14A and 14B and insertion of a feature of areducer. The flange 120 can be configured to fit inside the internalchannel 134 of cap 34 (visible in FIG. 14 ). The flange 120 can includeexternal threading to allow for engagement with threading on theinternal channel 134 of the cap 34 (shown in FIG. 14 ).

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the outer ring 30 of FIG. 2 . The outerring 30 can comprise an annular body 124, one or more bores comprisingbores 126A and 126B and an internal channel 128. It will be appreciatedthat in other embodiments the one or more bores can comprise any numberof bores. The annular body 124 can be configured to fit around theannular body 114 of the inner ring 32. The bores 126A and 126B can beconfigured to receive the pins 36A and 36B (shown in FIG. 2 ) tofacilitate assembly of the cap assembly 16.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the cap 34 of FIG. 2 . The cap 34 cancomprise an annular body 130, one or more grip features 132, an internalchannel 134 and a flange 135. It will be appreciated that in otherembodiments the one or more grip features can comprise any number ofgrip features. The annular body 130 can be configured to surround theannular body 104 of the threaded end 19. In particular, threadingprovided on the internal channel 134 can be configured to mate with theexternal threading 106 of the threaded end 19. In the illustratedembodiment, the one or more grip features 132 can comprise ribs tofacilitate rotating of the cap 134 about the axis A. In other examples,the one or more grip features 132 can comprise knurling and the like.

In order to assemble the cap assembly 16 (shown in FIG. 1 ), the axialextension 111 (shown in FIG. 11 ) can be inserted into the socket 61(shown in FIG. 5 ) so that the radial flange 110 is flush with theproximal portion 18 of the tower body 12. The inner slides 14A and 14Bcan be slid into the lobes 112A and 112C. The inner ring 32 can bepositioned so that the bores 94A and 94B (shown in FIG. 8 ) of the innerslides 14A and 14B align with the bores 116A and 116B. The cap 34 canthen be threaded onto the threaded end 19 such that the flange 135 sitson the flange 120. The outer ring 30 can be positioned adjacent to theflange 135 so that the bores 126A and 126B align with the bores 116A and116B. The pins 36A and 36B can be inserted into the bores 126A and 126Band the bores 116A and 116B, respectively. The flange 135 of the cap 34can be trapped between the flange 120 of the inner ring 32 and the outerring 30. Thus, as the cap 34 is threaded up and down along the axis A,the inner slides 14A and 14B can be pushed and pulled along to activatefeatures illustrated in FIG. 18 with the pedicle screw housing 204(shown in FIG. 23 ).

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the retainer 44A of FIG. 7 . Theretainer 44A can comprise a radially inner surface 82A and an externalsurface 136 of a body 138. The body 138 can be configured to beinterference fit into the bore 52A or the bore 52B (shown in FIG. 7 ).The external surface 136 can be configured to be flush with the outersurface of the tower body 12. The inner surface 82A can be disposed atan angle to the external surface 136. The body 138 and the bores 52A and52B can be oblong in shape such that the slope of the internal surface82A can be directionally aligned relative to the axis A. The slope ofthe internal surface 82A can be oriented such that the internal surface82A increases in height moving proximally and decrease in height movingdistally. As such, the pedicle screw housing 204 (shown in FIG. 23 )moving proximally into the tower body 12 can displace the deflectablearms 22A and 22B, but once inserted the pedicle screw housing cannot bepulled distally without active deflection of the arms 22A and 22B.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the arm ramp 40A of FIG. 2 . The armramp 40A can comprise a post 140, a ramp 142 and a lock 144. The post140 can be configured to be inserted into one of the bores 50A and 50B(shown in FIG. 7 ). The posts 140 and the bores 50A and 50B can beconfigured to have an interference fit. The posts 140 can engage thedeflectable arms 22A and 22B and the arm ramp 40A can be oriented suchthat the ramps 142 moves a distance that increases in height movingproximally and decreases in height moving distally. As such, thedeflectable arms 22A and 22B are displaced outward when slides 14A and14B are moved proximally to engage the ramps 142. The lock 144 cancomprise a flange extending out from the post 140 in the oppositedirection of the ramp 142. The lock 144 can be configured to bepositioned over one of the slides 14A and 14B to trap one of thedeflectable arms 22A and 22B against one of the slides 14A and 14B, asshown in FIG. 19B.

FIG. 17A is a perspective view of the pedicle screw retainer 80A of FIG.7 . FIG. 17B is a front view of the pedicle screw retainer 80A of FIG.17A. The body 146 can further comprise an extension 148. The extension148 can be configured to be seated in one of the counterbores 85A and85B (shown in FIG. 7 ).

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a distal end of an assembled pediclescrew tower 10 of the present application showing an assembly offeatures configured to hold the pedicle screw housing 204 (shown in FIG.23 ) and splay the deflectable arms 22A and 22B and the deflectableprongs 23A - 23D of the tower body 12 to release the pedicle screwhousing 204.

FIG. 19A is a side view of the cap assembly 16 of FIG. 1 showing the cap34 in a fully advanced position. The cap 34 can be abutted against theproximal portion 18 of the tower body 12. Thus, the cap 34 can bepositioned to move the inner slides 14A and 14B (shown in FIG. 2 ) totheir distal-most positions. FIGS. 19B and 19C show the distal end oftower 10 with the cap 34 in the position of FIG. 19A.

FIG. 19B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of the tower 10 ofFIG. 1 showing the arm ramps 40A and 40B of the deflectable arms 22A and22B locked with the windows 88 of the inner slides 14A and 14B and theretainers 44A and 44B of the deflectable arms 22A and 22B engaged withthe pedicle screw housing 204. The retainers 44A and 44B can be disposedin the sockets 228A and 228B, respectively, of the housing 204. Thelocks 144 of the ramps 40A and 40B can be engaged with the correspondingflanges 150 on the windows 88 of the inner slides 14A and 14B to retainthe deflectable arms 22A and 22B against the inner slides 14A and 14B,thereby preventing the deflectable arms 22A and 22B from being able tobe deflected radially outward.

FIG. 19C is side view of the distal end of tower 10 of FIG. 1 showingrail segments 72B2 and 72D2 of the deflectable prongs 23B and 23Dengaged with the slots 86A and 86B of the inner slide 14B and thepedicle screw retainers 80B and 80D of the deflectable prongs 23B and23D engaged with the pedicle screw housing 204. The retainers 80B and80D can be disposed in the sockets 224A and 224B, respectively, of thehousing 204. The rail segment 72B2 can engage the slot segment 86A1. Therail segment 72B3 can engage the slot segment 86A2. The rail segment72D2 can engage the slot segment 86B1. The rail segment 72D3 can engagethe slot segment 86B2. Thus, the deflectable prongs 23B and 23D can beprevented from moving radially outward.

FIG. 20A is a side view of the cap assembly 16 of FIG. 1 showing the cap34 in a partially retracted position. The cap 34 can be rotated toengage the threading 106 (shown in FIG. 11 ) to move away from theproximal portion 18 of the tower body 12 such that a portion of thethreaded end 19 can be exposed. As the cap 34 moves, the inner slides14A and 14B can be pulled proximally. FIGS. 20B and 20C show the distalend of the tower 10 with the cap 34 in the position of FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of tower 10 of FIG. 1showing the arm ramps 40A and 40B of the deflectable arms 22A and 22Bpositioned within the windows 88 of the inner slides 14A and 14B and theretainers 44A and 44B of the deflectable arms 22A and 22B engaged withthe pedicle screw housing 204. The retainers 44A and 44B can still bedisposed in the sockets 228A and 228B, respectively, of the housing 204.The locks 144 of the ramps 40A and 40B can be disengaged with thecorresponding flanges 150 on the windows 88 of the inner slides 14A and14B to allow the deflectable arms 22A and 22B to be capable of radialoutward deflection.

FIG. 20C is side view of the distal end of tower 10 of FIG. 1 showingthe rail segments 72B2 and 72D2 of the deflectable prongs 23B and 23Ddisengaged with the slots 86A and 86B of the inner slide 14B and thepedicle screw retainers 80B and 80D of the deflectable prongs 23B and23D engaged with the pedicle screw housing 204. The retainers 80B and80D can still be disposed in the sockets 224A and 224B, respectively, ofthe housing 204. The rail segment 72B2 can be disengaged from the slotsegment 86A1. The rail segment 72B3 can be disengaged from the slotsegment 86A2. The rail segment 72D2 can be disengaged from the slotsegment 86B1. The rail segment 72D3 can be disengaged from the slotsegment 86B2. Thus, the deflectable prongs 23B and 23D can be allowed todeflect radially outward.

FIG. 21A is a side view of the cap assembly 16 of FIG. 1 showing the cap34 in a fully retracted position. The cap 34 can be rotated to engagethe threading 106 (shown in FIG. 11 ) to move away from the proximalportion 18 of the tower body 12 such that a portion of the threaded end19 and the threading 106 can be exposed. As the cap 34 moves, the innerslides 14A and 14B can be pulled proximally. FIGS. 21B and 21C show thedistal end of the tower 10 with the cap 34 in the position of FIG. 21A.

FIG. 21B is cross-sectional view of the distal end of the tower 10 ofFIG. 1 showing the arm ramps 40A and 40B of the deflectable arms 22A and22B interfering with the windows 88 of the inner slides 14A and 14B.This causes the retainers 44A and 44B of the deflectable arms 22A and22B to disengage with the pedicle screw housing 204 (not shown). Thewindows 88 of the inner slides 14A and 14B can be pushed onto the ramps142 of the ramps 40A and 40B to push the deflectable arms 22A and 22Bradially outward. Thus, as can be seen in FIG. 22 , the retainers 44Aand 44B can be deflected radially outward, so as to be capable ofwithdrawal from the sockets 228A and 228B, respectively, of the housing204.

FIG. 21C is side view of the distal end of the tower 10 of FIG. 1showing the rail segments 72B2 and 72D2 of the deflectable prongs 23Band 23D interfering with the prong pins 42B and 42D of the inner slide14B. This causes the pedicle screw retainers 80B and 80D of thedeflectable prongs 23B and 23D to disengage with the pedicle screwhousing 204 (not shown). Thus, as can be seen in FIG. 22 , the retainers80B and 80D can be deflected radially outward, so as to be capable ofwithdrawal from the sockets 224A and 224B, respectively, of the housing204.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the distal end of the tower 10 of FIGS.21B and 21C with the deflectable arms 22A and 22B and the deflectableprongs 23A - 23D in a splayed state so as to be pushed radially outwardfrom the center axis A of the tower body 12 and away from the innersslides 14A and 14B. As such, spaces or gaps can form between thedeflectable prongs 23A and 23C and the deflectable arm 22A, and betweenthe deflectable prongs 23B and 23D and the deflectable arm 22B, therebyproducing clearance for the pedicle screw housing 204 to move axially inand out of the tower body 12.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of the pedicle screw 200 (also referred toas a bone anchor) comprising a threaded fastener 202 and a rod housing204. The threaded fastener 202 can comprise a shaft 206, a threading208, a head 210 and a socket 212. The rod housing 204 can comprise abase portion 214, an aperture 215, a first extension 216A, a secondextension 216B, a first open face 218A, a second open face 218B, a firstclosed face 220A, a second closed face 220B and a channel 222. The firstopen face 218A can comprise a first socket 224A and a second socket224B. The first closed face 226A can comprise a first socket 228A.

The rod housing 204 can be rotated relative to the threaded fastener 202to position the extensions 216A and 216B in different positions. Theshaft 206 can be rotated within the base portion 214 via rotationalengagement of the socket 212 with an instrument such as, for example, ascrewdriver. A fixation element, such as a rod or tether, can bepositioned between the extensions 216A and 216B and secured therein witha set screw. Although not seen in FIG. 23 , the housing 204 can comprisecounterpart sockets to the sockets 224A, 224B and 228A on the far sideof the housing 204 on open and closed faces. The sockets 224A and 224Bcan be provide alongside a channel formed by the extensions 216A and216B on the open face 218A, and the socket 228A can be formed on theclosed face 226A. The socket 224A and its counterpart socket can lie ina plane transverse to the central axis A of the tower 10. The socket224B and its counterpart socket can lie in a plane transvers to thecentral axis A of the tower 10. The socket 228A and its counterpartsocket can lie in a plane transverse to the central axis A of the tower10. The planes of the sockets 224A and 224B and their counterparts canbe transverse to the plane of the socket 228A and its counterpart.

The systems, devices and methods discussed in the present applicationcan be useful in performing spinal correction procedures using extendersor towers that can couple to bone anchor or pedicle screw housings. Thepresent disclosure describes tower extenders that can attach to a boneanchor housing in multiple circumferential locations around theperimeter of the pedicle screw housing relative to a center axis of thetower extender. Further, the tower extenders can be attached axially tothe housing without rotation of the tower extenders. In other words, thetower extenders can be pushed onto the housing to engage with thepedicle screw. The attachment points of the tower extenders can bearranged in pairs that are orthogonal to each other to allow for secureattachment to the bone anchor housing. The attachment points cancomprise protrusions that can extend into mating recesses in the boneanchor housing. The reverse configuration can additionally be used. Theprotrusions can be mounted to deflectable members of the tower extender.The deflectable members can be freely deflectable to allow the towerextender to slip over the bone anchor housing. The deflectable memberscan additionally be prevented from deflecting to prevent the bone anchorhousing from separating from the tower extender. The deflectable memberscan additionally be pushed radially outward to facilitate disengagementof the protrusions from the recesses. The deflectable members can belocked and pushed via axially sliding of a slide arrangement oractuation mechanism within the tower extender. As such, the towerextenders of the present disclosure can provide robust attachment to apedicle screw housing to prevent undesirable detachment during aprocedure, but can be easily operated and actuated by a control knob toprevent and allow detachment and attachment.

Turning to FIGS. 24A - 54 , a reducer 300 according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure is described. FIG. 24A is a sideview of the reducer 300 for the pedicle screw tower 10 (shown in FIG. 1) of the present disclosure. The reducer 300 comprises a palm handle302, a reducer assembly 304 and a reducing shaft 306. The palm handle302 can comprise a grip 314 and a button 315. FIG. 24B is a perspectiveview of the reducer 300 of FIG. 24A with the palm handle 302 removed toshow a proximal end of a driver 308. The reducer assembly 304 cancomprise a clutch mechanism 310 and a locking mechanism 312. FIGS. 24Aand 24B are discussed concurrently below.

The reducer 300 can be used in conjunction with the pedicle screw tower10 (shown in FIG. 1 ) to push an elongate stabilization member, such asa rod 522 (shown FIG. 54 ), into the pedicle screw housing 204 (shown inFIG. 23 ). For example, with the pedicle screw tower 10 attached to thehousing 204, as shown in FIGS. 19B and 19C, the reducing shaft 306 canbe inserted into the ring 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ) and the proximal socket61 (shown in FIG. 5 ) of the tower body 12. The reducer 300 can beadvanced along the tower 10 so that the locking mechanism 312 of thereducer assembly 304 attaches to the ports 54A - 54B or 60A-60B (shownin FIGS. 3 - 5 ). The locking mechanism 312 can be operated to allow thereducer assembly 304 to slide freely over the tower body 12 and then tolock onto the tower body 12. The clutch mechanism 310 can be operated toallow the reducing shaft 306 to slide freely through the reducerassembly 304 until engaged with the stabilization member. The clutchmechanism 310 can then be adjusted to engage threading of the threadedshaft portion 330 on the reducing shaft 306. The palm handle 302 can berotated to mechanically push the reducing shaft 306, as well as thestabilization member, into the pedicle screw housing 204. Thereafter,the driver 308 can be operated through the palm handle 302, or with thepalm handle 302 removed, to push a closure device, e.g., a set screw ora closure device 521 (shown in FIG. 54 ), into engagement with thehousing 204 to lock the stabilization member in engagement with thepedicle screw housing 204. The driver 308 can be spring loaded toposition a pre-loaded closure device within the reducing shaft 306. Thedriver 308 can be advanced distally by an operator to engage the closuredevice with the pedicle screw housing 204.

As described with reference to FIGS. 26 and 46 , the reducer 300 canincorporate a linearly biased and actuated driver, such as the driver308 or a driver configured to “stab and grab”, for holding a closuredevice within the reducing shaft 306 while reducing is being performedand that can subsequently be deployed via the driver 308 to attach tothe housing 204 to hold a stabilization element within the housing 204.

As is described with reference to FIGS. 47 - 49 , the locking mechanism312 can be operated in three operating states to allow the reducer 300to freely slide on the tower body 12 in an open state, to attach to thetower body 12 in an unlocked state, and to lock the tower body 12 in alocked state.

As described with reference to FIGS. 50 - 53 , the clutch mechanism 310can comprise a three-pawl chuck that can be operated in two operatingstates to allow the reducing shaft 306 to freely slide within thereducer assembly 304, and to engage threading on the reducing shaft 306to allow the reducing shaft 306 to be mechanically pushed within thereducer assembly 304.

FIG. 25 is an exploded perspective view of the palm handle of FIG. 24A.The palm handle 302 can comprise a socket 480, a driver channel 482, oneor more windows 484 and a button seat 486. It will be appreciated thatin other embodiments the one or more windows can comprise any number ofwindows. A button 315 can be positioned in the button seat 486 and cancomprise a first end 490, a pivot 492 and a second end 494. The button315 can comprise an elongate body configured to rotate at the pivot 492such as via a coupling of the button 315 to the palm handle 302 via apin 496. A biasing element such as, for example, a spring 500 or anotherbiasing element can be positioned between the first end 490 and thebutton seat 486. The second end 494 can include a tang 502 for engagingclutch the housing 319 (shown in FIGS. 31 and 32 ). An insert 512 can bepositioned in the socket 480 and retained therein by a fastener 514 thatcan extend into a bore 516 to engage a bore 518. The fastener 514 can bethreaded into engagement with the bores 516 and 518. The insert 512 cancomprise a cylindrical body forming a passage 520 into which the clutchhousing 319 (shown in FIG. 31 ) can be inserted. One or more lugs suchas lugs 522A - 522C can be positioned between adjacent lugs 354 of theclutch housing 319, as can be seen in FIG. 46 . It will be appreciatedthat in other embodiments the one or more lugs can comprise any numberof lugs. The insert 512 can include a cutout 524 to accommodate thebutton seat 486.

FIG. 26 is an exploded view of reducer 300 of FIG. 24A showing thereducer assembly 304, the reducing shaft 306 and the driver 308. Thereducer assembly 304 can comprise the clutch mechanism 310 and thelocking mechanism 312. The clutch mechanism 310 can comprise clutch knob318, the clutch housing 319 and the clutch washer 320. The lockingmechanism 312 can comprise the reducer body 322, an upper release lever324A and a lower release lever 326A. The reducing shaft 306 can comprisea shaft body 328, a threaded shaft portion 330, a first rail 332A and asecond rail 332B. The driver 308 can comprise a knob 334, an actuationportion 336, shaft 338 and a tip 340. The driver 308 can be connected toa plunger 342, a ring 344 and a clip 346. The actuation portion 336 cancomprise one or more slots such as slots 348 and the plunger 342 cancomprise one or more slots such as slots 350.

The upper and lower release levers 324A and 326A of the reducer body 322can be used to couple and uncouple the reducer assembly 304 from apedicle screw extender, such as the tower 10 of FIG. 1 . The shaft body328 of the reducing shaft 306 can be inserted into a socket 374 (shownin FIG. 28 ) of the reducer body 322 such that the threaded shaftportion 330 extends proximally of the clutch housing 319. The clutchknob 318 can be rotated to a position to allow threading of the threadedshaft portion 330 to pass freely through the reducer body 322 and can berotated to another position to allow threading of the threaded shaftportion 330 to engage the pawls 316A - 316C (shown in FIG. 28 ) withinthe clutch housing 319. The driver 308 can be inserted into the proximalend of the threaded shaft portion 330 such that a tip 340 can bepositioned between the rails 332A and 332B of the reducing shaft 306.The plunger 342 can be coupled to the actuation portion 336 and a spring508 (shown in FIG. 46 ) can bias the shaft 338 proximally (shown in FIG.26 ). The knob 334 can be linearly actuated by a user in the distaldirection to move the shaft 338 distally from the retracted position toselectively engage a closure device with a pedicle screw housing.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of the reducer assembly 304 of FIG. 26comprising the clutch mechanism 310 and the locking mechanism 312. FIG.28 is an exploded view of the reducer assembly 304 of FIG. 27 . FIGS. 27and 28 are discussed concurrently.

The clutch housing 319 can comprise one or more lugs such as lugs 354, achannel 356, flange 358, a cylinder portion 360, one or more windowssuch as windows 362A - 362C and a threaded end 364. The clutch mechanism310 can further comprise one or more pawls such as pawls 316A - 316C andone or more springs such as springs 366. It will be appreciated that inother embodiments the one or more lugs can comprise any number of lugs,the one or more windows can comprise any number of windows, the one ormore pawls can comprise any number of pawls, and the one or more springscan comprise any number of springs.

The reducer body 322 can comprise a ring portion 368, one or more legssuch as legs 370A and 370B, a socket 374, one or more lever tracks suchas lever tracks 376A and 376B, one or more springs such as springs 378and one or more pins such as pins 380. The legs 370A and 370B cancomprise one or more pin holes such as pin holes 382A and 382B and oneor more lock holes such as lock holes 384A and 384B, respectively. Itwill be appreciated that in other embodiments the one or more levertracks can comprise any number of lever tracks, the one or more springscan comprise any number of springs, the one or more pins can compriseany number of pins, the one or more pin holes can comprise any number ofpin holes, and the one or more lock holes can comprise any number oflock holes.

The lugs 354 can be coupled in a mating fashion with a socket 480 (shownin FIG. 46 ) in the palm handle 304. The pawls 316A - 316C can bepositioned in the windows 362A - 362C and the springs 366 or otherresilient members can be positioned between the pawls 316A -316C and thebackstops 396 (shown in FIG. 31 ) to bias the pawls 316A - 316C to aretracted position away from a center axis CA (shown in FIG. 28 ) of theclutch housing 319. The clutch knob 318 can be positioned over thecylinder portion 360 to the retain pawls 316A - 316C therein. The washer320 can be positioned around the threaded end 364 to provide a bearingbetween the clutch housing 319 and the reducer body 322. The threadedend 364 can be inserted into the socket 374 and the fastener 352 can beused to secure clutch the housing 319 to the reducer body 322 via athreaded engagement. The clutch housing 319 and the reducer body 322 canrotate relative to each other about the center axis CA of the reducer300. The upper release levers 324A and 324B and the lower release levers326A and 326B can be attached to the lever tracks 376A and 376B,respectively, via the pins 380. Thus, each of the upper release levers324A and 324B and the lower release levers 326A and 326B can bepivotable about one of the pins 380 to move the rockers 466 in and outof the lock holes 384A and 384B, respectively. The springs 378 (or otherresilient members) can be used to bias the upper release levers 324A and324B away from the center axis of the reducer body 322. As explainedwith reference to FIGS. 47 - 49 , the upper release levers 324A and 324Band the lower release levers 326A and 326B can be configured tointeract, respectively, to provide three different levels offunctionality to the rockers 466.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of the reducer body 322 of the reducerassembly 304 of FIG. 28 . FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of thereducer body 322 of FIG. 29 . FIGS. 28 and 29 are discussedconcurrently. The reducer body 322 can comprise the ring portion 368,the legs 370A and 370B, the socket 374, the lever tracks 376A and 376B,the pin holes 382A and 382B and the lock holes 384A and 384B, asdiscussed previously. The reducer body 322 can further comprise an endflange 386, one or more side surfaces such as side surfaces 388A and388B, one or more bores such as bores 390A and 390B and bores 392A and392B. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments the one or moreside surfaces can comprise any number of side surfaces and the one ormore bores can comprise any number of bores.

The reducer body 322 can comprise a platform upon which other componentsof the reducer 300 can be mounted or coupled. The threaded end 364(shown in FIG. 31 ) of the clutch housing 319 (shown in FIG. 31 ) can beinserted into the socket 374 and can be attached thereto using thefastener 352 (shown in FIG. 28 ). The fastener 352 can rest against theend flange 386. Thus, the tower body 12 (shown in FIG. 1 ) can beinserted into the space between the legs 370A and 370B to allow forcoupling of the tower body 12 to the reducer body 322. The ring 30(shown in FIG. 1 ) can rest against the fastener 352, as shown in FIGS.47 - 49 . The side surfaces 388A and 388B of the legs 370A and 370B thatface each other can be curved to match the curvature of tower body 12.The outer surfaces 373A and 373B of the legs 370A and 370B facing awayfrom the central axis CA can be ergonomically contoured. For example,the legs 370A and 370B can include one or more protrusions such asprotrusions 375A and 375B that can be used by a user to push against thereducer 300 with fingers, etc. It will be appreciated that in otherembodiments the one or more protrusions can comprise any number ofprotrusions.

The upper and lower release levers 324A, 324B, 326A, 326B can be seatedin the lever tracks 376A and 376B, respectively, to allow the rockers466 (shown in FIG. 45 ) to penetrate the lock holes 384A and 384B. Thepin holes 382A can receive the pins 380 to couple the upper releaselever 324A to the lever track 376A and the pin holes 382B can receivethe pins 380 to couple the upper release lever 324B to the lever track376B. The bores 390A and 390B and the bores 392A and 392B can facilitatecleaning of the reducer body 322, such as by eliminating dead air spaceto allow cleaning and sterilizing material, e.g., steam, to reach spaceswithin the reducer body 322.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the clutch housing 319 of the reducerassembly 304 of FIG. 28 . FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of theclutch housing 319 of FIG. 31 . FIGS. 31 and 32 are discussedconcurrently. The clutch housing 319 can comprise the lugs 354, thechannel 356, the flange 358, the cylinder portion 360, the windows362A - 362C and the threaded end 364. The clutch housing 319 can furthercomprise a channel 394, one or more backstops such as backstops 396 andone or more bores such as bores 398. It will be appreciated that inother embodiments the one or more backstops can comprise any number ofbackstops and the one or more bores can comprise any number of bores.The clutch housing 319 can additionally include other bores tofacilitate cleaning of the clutch housing 319, such as by eliminatingdead air space to allow cleaning and sterilizing material, e.g., steam,to reach spaces within the clutch housing 319.

The threaded end 364 can include external threading configured to matewith internal threading on the fastener 352. The threaded end 364 can besized to fit into the socket 374 (shown in FIG. 30 ) of the reducer body322.

The cylinder portion 360 can engage the ring portion 368 (shown in FIG.30 ) of the reducer body 322. The cylinder portion 360 can be sized tofit within the clutch knob 318. The clutch knob 318 can rest against theflange 358. The flange 358 can have an outer diameter that isapproximately the same size as the outer diameter of the clutch knob318.

The windows 362A - 362C can be sized to receive the pawls 316A - 316C(shown in FIGS. 40 and 41 ). The windows 362A - 362C can be equallyspaced about the perimeter of the cylinder portion 360 such that thepawls will push the reducing shaft 306 toward the center axis CA. Theouter perimeter shape of the pawls 316A - 316C can be sized to mate withthe outer shape of the windows 362A - 362C. The backstops 396 can bepositioned at ends of the windows 362A - 362C to prevent the pawls316A - 316C from passing through the windows 362A - 362C. The backstops396 can additionally be used as surfaces for which the springs 366(shown on FIG. 28 ) can push off. The bores 398 can receive the springs366 to prevent separation of the springs 366 from the reducer assembly304. The bores 398 can align with the bores 444A and 444B in the pawls316A - 316C (shown in FIGS. 40 and 41 ).

The lugs 354 can be formed in the cylinder portion 360 on an oppositeside of the flange 358 as the windows 362A - 362C. The lugs 354 and thecylinder portion 360 can be sized to fit within the socket 480 (shown inFIG. 46 ) of the palm handle 302. The lugs 354 can form groovestherebetween to provide rotational grips to a user of the reducer 300when the palm handle 302 is removed. In additional examples, the socket520 (shown in FIGS. 25 or 46 ) of the palm handle 302 can include themating lugs 522A - 522C to fit between the lugs 354 to prevent relativerotation between the palm handle 302 and the clutch housing 319. Thechannel 356 can extend around the cylinder portion 360 across the lugs354. The tang 502 of the button 315 (shown in FIG. 46 ) can bepositioned within the channel 356 to allow the palm handle 302 to beaxially restrained on the clutch housing 319.

FIG. 33 is a first side view of the reducing shaft 306 of FIGS. 24 - 26. FIG. 34 is a second side view of the reducing shaft 306 of FIGS. 24 -26 . FIG. 35 is an end view of the reducing shaft 306 of FIGS. 24 - 26from a proximal position looking distally. FIGS. 33 - 35 are discussedconcurrently. The reducing shaft 306 can comprise the shaft body 328,the threaded shaft portion 330, the first rail 332A, the second rail332B, an end 400, one or more windows such as windows 402, a bracket404, and a drive seat 406.

The shaft body 328 can comprise an elongate, cannulated body thatextends from the end 400 to the drive seat 406. The end 400 can comprisea circular land or projection that can receive the ring 344 (shown inFIG. 25 ). In additional examples, the end 400 can be threaded toreceive mating threading on the ring 344 (shown in FIG. 26 ). The driveseat 406 can comprise arcuate surfaces at the ends of the rails 332A and332B that are shaped to abut a circular stabilization member, such as anelongate rod 522 (shown in FIG. 54 ) that, in some examples, may berigid. The threaded shaft portion 330 can extend from the end 400 alonga length and can comprise external threading for engaging matingthreading of the pawls 316A - 316C (shown in FIG. 28 ). The shaft body328 can comprise a cylindrical body configured to fit within the opening58 (shown in FIG. 4 ) between the extenders 20A and 20B of the towerbody 12. The rails 332A and 332B can extend along opposite sides of theshaft body 328 and can extend beyond the cylindrical portion of theshaft body 328. The rails 332A and 332B can comprise elongateprotrusions configured to fit within the lobes 112B and 112D of thethreaded end 19 (shown in FIG. 11 ) on the tower 10. The windows 402 canextend along the shaft body 328 between the rails 332A and 332B. Thewindows 402 can allow for passage of cleaning material, e.g., steam,into the interior of the shaft body 328. The bracket 404 can be locatedbetween the rails 332A and 332B and can include a socket or bore throughwhich the driver 308 can extend. The bracket 404 can provide alignmentof the driver 308 centrally between the rails 332A and 332B tofacilitate insertion of the driver tip 340 with a housing of a pediclescrew.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the clutch knob 318 of the reducerassembly 304 of FIG. 27 . FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view of theclutch knob 318 of FIG. 36 . FIGS. 36 and 37 are discussed concurrently.The clutch knob 318 can comprise an annular body 410, a passage 412, oneor more ramps such as ramps 414A, 414B and 414C, one or more bumps suchas bumps 415A, 415B and 415C, bumps 416A, 416B and 416C, one or morepads such as pads 418A, 418B and 418C, a flange 420 and one or morebores such as bores 422. It will be appreciated that in otherembodiments the one or more ramps can comprise any number of ramps, theone or more bumps can comprise any number of bumps, the one or more padscan comprise any number of pads, and the one or more bores can compriseany number of bores.

The annular body 410 can be sized to circumscribe the clutch housing319. The annular body 410 can comprise a user control configured toengage and disengage the reducer assembly 304 with the reducing shaft306 by controlling a positioning of the pawls 316A - 316C. The innerdiameter surfaces of the annular body 410 can comprise inner tracks forengaging the pawls 316A - 316C. Specifically, the ramps 414A - 414C canbe configured to provide the annular body 410 with varying levels ofthickness relative to the central axis CA that can be used to push thepawls 316A - 316C further into the windows 362A - 362C as the clutchknob 318 is rotated by a user. The pads 418A - 418C can comprise arcuatesurfaces configured to ride against the cylinder portion 360 of theclutch housing 319 in portions between the windows 362A - 362C. The pads418A - 418C can maintain the clutch knob 318 centered on the clutchhousing 319. Exterior-facing surfaces of the pawls 316A - 316C can rideagainst the ramps 414A - 414C. The bumps 415A - 415C can compriseprojections or protrusions at the thinner ends of the ramps 414A - 414Cto hold the pawls 316A - 316C in positions where the pawls 316A -316Care disengaged with threading of the threaded shaft portion 330 (note,the bumps 415A -415C are omitted from FIGS. 50 and 51 ). The bumps416A - 416C can comprise projections or protrusions at the thicker endsof the ramps 414A - 414C to hold the pawls 316A - 316C in positionswhere the pawls 316A - 316C are engaged with threading of the threadedshaft portion 330, as can be seen in FIGS. 52 and 53 . As such, thereducing shaft 306 can be moved in the axial direction within the clutchmechanism 304 via rotation of the clutch housing 319. From the engagedposition, the clutch knob 318 can be rotated clock-wise (relative to theorientation of FIG. 37 ) to move the thinner portions of the ramps414A - 414C to engage the pawls 316A -316C. As such, the springs 366 canpush against the backstops 396 to push the pawls 316A -316C away fromthe threaded shaft portion 330, as can be seen in FIGS. 50 and 51 . Assuch, the reducing shaft 306 can be freely moved in the axial directionwithin the clutch housing 319. The ramps 414A - 414C can extend overapproximately less than 25% of the clutch knob 318 between the bumps416A -416C and the pads 418A - 418C such that the pawls 316A - 316C cango from being fully withdrawn from the reducing shaft 306 to fullyengaged with the reducing shaft 306 in a quarter turn of the clutch knob318 or less. The the flange 420 can seat within clutch washer 320 (shownin FIG. 25 ). The bores 422 can allow for can allow for passage ofcleaning material, e.g., steam, into the interior of the clutch knob318.

FIG. 38 is a side view of the plunger 342 for a closure top starter ofthe driver 308 of FIG. 26 . FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view of theplunger 342 of FIG. 38 . FIGS. 38 and 39 are discussed concurrently. Theplunger 342 can comprise a cylindrical body 430, a passage 432, one ormore slots such as slots 350, one or more bores such as bores 434 and arim 436.

The plunger 342 can comprise a body that attaches to the actuationportion 336 of the driver 308 to control relative axial location of thedriver 308 to the reducing shaft 306. The pin 504 can be fixedlyattached to the plunger 342, but the driver 308 can move relative to thepin 504 via the slots 348. Thus, the driver 308 will advance distallywith the reducing shaft 306 under the power of the pawls 316A - 316C.However, once full reduction has been achieved, the driver 308 can beadvanced further under manual axial power via a compression of thespring 508 (shown in FIG. 46 ) such as by the application of axial forcefrom a driver inserted into the socket 510 (shown in FIG. 46 ).

The internal passage 432 can be sized to receive the actuation portion336 of the driver 308 (shown in FIG. 26 ), while the rim 436 can besized to receive the shaft 338. The end surface 506 (shown in FIG. 46 )of the actuation portion 336 can abut the rim 436 when the driver 308 isin the fully extended position. The bores 434 can be sized to receivethe pin 504 (shown in FIG. 46 ). The spring 508 (shown in FIG. 46 ) canbe positioned against the pin 504 to bias the driver 308 in a proximaldirection (e.g., to the left relative to FIG. 46 ). The windows 350 cancomprise elongate openings through the cylindrical body 430 to allow forvisibility of the driver 308 therein.

With reference to FIG. 46 , before a reduction operation, the driver 308can be advanced by compressing the spring 508 to expose the tip 340 tograb a closure mechanism, e.g., a set screw. The spring 508 can bereleased such that the tip 340 and the closure mechanism are retractedbetween the rails 332A and 332B. Thereafter, a reduction procedure canbe conducted to reduce a stabilization element with the reducing shaft306. Once the stabilization element is positioned within the pediclescrew housing, the driver 308 can again be manually advanced to compressthe spring 508 to engage the closure mechanism with the pedicle screwhousing. Torque can be applied to the driver 308 via the socket 510 toadvance the closure mechanism into the pedicle screw housing.

FIG. 40 is a front view of the pawl 316A for the clutch mechanism 319 ofFIG. 27 . FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view of the pawl 316A of FIG. 40. FIGS. 40 and 41 are discussed concurrently. The pawl 316A can comprisea body 442, one or more sockets such as sockets 444A and 444B, a guide446 and a thread 448. The pawls 316B and 316C (FIG. 28 ) can beconfigured similarly as the pawl 316A. It will be appreciated that inother embodiments the one or more sockets can comprise any number ofsockets.

The pawl 316A can be configured to keep the thread 448 properly orientedfor engagement with threading of the threaded shaft portion 330. Thus,the body 442 of the pawl 316A can be elongated in the axial direction ofthe reducer 300 and the tower 10 to prevent rotational misalignment(relative to the orientation of FIG. 40 ) of the thread 448. Likewise,the body 442 can have a thickness to maintain engagement with the window362A in the clutch housing 319 (shown in FIG. 28 ) and prevent radialmisalignment relative to the central axis of the reducer 300. The body442 can maintain engagement with the window 362A regardless of theposition of the pawl 316A controlled by the clutch knob 318. The body442 can include a depression 449 (shown in FIGS. 51 and 53 ) to allowfor engagement with the protrusions 416A -416C and/or the protrusions415A-415C (shown in FIG. 37 ). The guide 446 can have a thicknesssufficient to extend the thread 448 into engagement with the threadedshaft portion 330 when in the extended position and to fully disengagethe thread 448 from the threaded shaft portion 330 in the retractedposition. The guide 446 is axially shorter than the body 442 to allowspace for the sockets 444A and 444B to allow the pawl 316A to engagewith the springs 366 (shown in FIG. 28 ). The sockets 444A and 444B cancomprise bores into the body 442 to receive the springs 366 and maintainthe springs 366 in engagement with the pawl 316A. The thread 448 cancomprise a segment of threading configured to mate with the threadedshaft portion 330. The thread 448 can have sufficient thickness and apitch to engage with threading on the threaded shaft portion 330.

FIG. 42 is a front view of the upper release lever 324A for the lockingmechanism 312 of FIG. 27 . FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of theupper release lever 324A of FIG. 42 . FIGS. 42 and 43 are discussedconcurrently. The upper release lever 324A can comprise a body 450, abore 452, a socket 454, a hinge 456, a pivot bore 458, a tooth 460 andone or more undulations 462. It will be appreciated that in otherembodiments the one or more undulations can comprise any number ofundulations. The upper release lever 324B can be configured similarly asthe upper release lever 324A.

The body 450 can extend from a first end at the pivot bore 458 to asecond end at the tooth 460. The first end can be thickened to allow forthe pivot bore 458. The body 450 can extend from the first end towardone side of the pivot bore 458 to allow the tooth 460 space to pivot.The bore 452 can be located in a middle portion of the body 450 and cancomprise a through-bore configured to extend from an exterior surface ofthe upper release lever 324A to an interior surface of the upper releaselever 324A. The socket 454 can be located in a middle portion of thebody 450 and can comprise a blind end bore configured to receive thespring 378 (shown in FIG. 28 ). The socket 454 can be located away fromthe pivot bore 458 to provide rotational force or torque about the pivotbore 458. The tooth 460 can extend axially from the second end of thebody 450 in a direction transverse to the pivot axis. The tooth 460 canextend in line with the axis of the body 450 (shown in FIG. 48 ) and canthus project parallel to the center axis CA of the reducer 300 when thereducer body 322 is aligned with the axis, but the tooth 460 can beprojected toward the reducer body 322 (shown in FIG. 49 ) or away fromreducer body 322 (shown in FIG. 47 ) as the body 450 is pivoted at thepivot bore 458. As such, the tooth 460 can be pivoted into threedifferent positions to engage with the lower release lever 326A.

FIG. 44 is a front view of the lower release lever 326A for the lockingmechanism 312 of FIG. 27 . FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view of thelower release lever 326A of FIG. 44 . FIGS. 44 and 45 are discussedconcurrently. The lower release lever 326A can comprise a body 464, arocker 466, a socket 468 and a pivot bore 470. The lower release lever326B can be configured similarly as the lower release lever 326A.

The body 464 can extend from a first end at the rocker 466 to a secondend at the socket 468. The pivot bore 470 can be located in a central ormiddle portion of the body 464 to allow the rocker 466 and the socket468 to each move closer to and further away from the reducer body 322(shown in FIG. 27 ). The rocker 466 can comprise a tooth or projectionthat can extend through the lock hole 384A (shown in FIG. 30 ) to engagethe tower body 12 (shown in FIG. 1 ). The distal or leading end 472 ofthe rocker 466 can comprise a planar surface angled or slanted relativeto the center axis CA of the reducer 300 to allow the reducer 300 to beaxially pushed down onto the tower body 12. However, the proximal ortrailing end 474 of the rocker 466 can comprise a planar surfaceorthogonal to the center axis CA of the reducer 300 to inhibit orprevent axially movement of the reducer 300 up from the tower body 12.

The socket 468 can comprise a first flange 476, a second flange 477, atrough 478 and a channel 479. The first flange 476 can have an angledouter surface to facilitate the first flange 476 lying flush with thelever track 376A (shown in FIG. 28 ) when the lower release lever 326Ais rotated (shown in FIG. 49 ). The second flange 477 can be rounded tofacilitate rotation against surfaces of the upper release lever 324A(see FIGS. 47 and 49 ). The first flange 476 and second flange 477 canform inner and outer surfaces for engaging inner and outer surfaces ofthe tooth 460 of the upper release lever 324A in the radial directionrelative to the center axis CA of the reducer 300. The trough 478 andthe channel 479 can comprise axial surfaces for engaging the distal tipof the tooth 460. Thus, depending on the rotational positions of theupper release lever 324A and the lower release lever 326A, the tooth 460can engage the second flange 477 and the trough 478 (shown in FIG. 47 ),the first flange 476 (shown in FIG. 48 ) or the first flange 476 and thechannel 479 (shown in FIG. 49 ).

FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view of the reducer 300 of FIG. 24A showingthe clutch mechanism 310, the locking mechanism 312 and the driver 308.The reducer 300 can be connected to the palm handle 302. The palm handle302 can comprise the socket 480, the driver channel 482, the windows 484and the button seat 486, as previously described. The button 315 can bepositioned in the button seat 486 and can comprise the first end 490,the pivot 492 and the second end 494. The button 315 can comprise anelongate body configured to rotate at the pivot 492 such as via couplingof the button 315 to the palm handle 302 via the pin 496. The first end490 can include the bore 498 against which the spring 500 or anotherbiasing element can be positioned to push against the button seat 486.The second end 494 can include the tang 502 for engaging the clutchhousing 319 (shown in FIGS. 31 and 32 ). The socket 510 can be locatedin the knob 334 of the driver 308 to receive a tool such as, forexample, a torque wrench to rotate the driver 308. The relative lengthsof components of the reducer 300 can be selected such that alignment ofvarious features can indicate that the reducing shaft 306 has reachedfull reduction. For example, the proximal end of the knob 334 can alignwith the bottom of the windows 484 when r the educing shaft 306 is fullyextended and the driver 308 is retracted, which can be seen through thewindows 484 when the palm handle 302 is attached. Additionally, theproximal end of the plunger 342 can align with the proximal end of theclutch housing 319 when the reducing shaft 306 is fully extended, whichcan be seen when the palm handle 302 is removed.

FIG. 47 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the locking mechanism 312of FIG. 46 in a locked state. In the locked state, the springs 378 canrotate the upper release levers 324A and 324B outward such that theteeth 460 rotate the lower release levers 326A and 326B outward. In sucha configuration, the teeth 460 push against the outer flanges 477 andthe trough 478. As such, the rockers 466 are constrained such thatforces acting on the ends 472 and 474 (shown in FIG. 45 ) from the towerbody 12 cannot change the relative position of the teeth 460 relative tothe socket 468 (FIG. 45 ). Thus, the reducer body 322 cannot be movedaxially about the tower 10 without pressing of the upper release levers324A and 324B inward. Interaction of the upper release levers 324A and324B and the lower release levers 326A and 326B in the locked positionof FIG. 47 provides a robust coupling with the tower body 12 such thatthe reducer 300 will not be displaced from the tower 10 during operationof the reducer 300 without undue force.

FIG. 48 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the locking mechanism 312of FIG. 46 in an unlocked state. In the unlocked state, the springs 378can be pushed inward by application of force to the upper release levers324A and 324B by a user. In the unlocked state, the springs 378 arepartially compressed. As such, the teeth 460 can be moved to interactwith the inner flange 476. As such, application of force to the end 474(shown in FIG. 45 ) via the tower body 12 will not cause the rockers 466to be displaced from the lock holes 384A and 384B such that the reducer300 cannot be advanced proximally off the tower body 12. However,application of force to the end 472 via the tower body 12 will cause therockers 466 to be displaced from the lock holes 384A and 384B such thatthe reducer 300 can be advanced distally into position on the tower body12.

FIG. 49 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the locking mechanism 312of FIG. 46 in an open state. In the open state, the springs 378 can bepushed inward by application of force to the upper release levers 324Aand 324B by a user to fully compressed positions. As such, the teeth 460can be moved to interact with the inner flange 476 and the channel 479.As such, the rockers 466 can be manually withdrawn from the lock holes384A and 384B to allow the reducer 300 to be pulled proximally off thetower body 12.

FIG. 50 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the clutch mechanism 310of FIG. 24A in an unlocked state. FIG. 51 is a close-up cross-sectionalview of the clutch mechanism 310 of FIG. 24A in an unlocked state. FIGS.50 and 51 are discussed concurrently.

The body 410 of clutch knob 318 can be rotated such that the thinnerportion of the ramps 414A - 414C and/or the protrusions 415A-415C areengaged with the pawls 316A - 316C. As such, the springs 366 can pushthe pawls 316A - 316C away from the threaded shaft portion 330, therebyalso withdrawing the thread 448 from engagement with the threading ofthe threaded shaft portion 330. The reducing shaft 306 can thereforefreely move in the axial direction within the clutch housing 319. Assuch, the reducer 300 can be quickly attached to the reducing shaft 306in a position to begin reduction of a stabilization member withouthaving to manually crank the clutch housing 319 to engage thestabilization member.

FIG. 52 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the clutch mechanism 310of FIG. 24A in a locked state. FIG. 53 is a close-up cross-sectionalview of the clutch mechanism 310 of FIG. 24A in a locked state. FIGS. 52and 53 are discussed concurrently.

The body 410 of the clutch knob 318 can be rotated such that the thickerportion of the ramps 414A - 414C and/or the protrusions 416A-416C areengaged with the pawls 316A -316C. As such, the clutch knob 318 canovercome the forces of the springs 366 to push the pawls 316A - 316Cinto the threaded shaft portion 330, thereby also pushing the threads448 into engagement with the threading of the threaded shaft portion330. The reducing shaft 306 can therefore only move in the axialdirection within the clutch housing 319 via rotation of the clutchhousing 319. The clutch housing 319 can be rotated about the center axisCA of the reducer 300 to push the reducing shaft 306 and reduce thestabilization member.

FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of the reducer 300 of the presentdisclosure being used to attach the closure device 521 to the pediclescrew housing 204 having the rod 522 therein using the driver 308 andthe reducing shaft 306.

The rails 332A and 332B of the reducing shaft 306 can be pushed distallyor downward via the reducer 300 to push the rod 522 into the pediclescrew housing 204. For example, rotation of the clutch housing 319relative to the reducer body 322 with the threads 448 engaged with thereducing shaft 306, can cause the drive seats 406 to extend further awayfrom the reducer body 322 to provide reducing action. Additionally, thedriver 308 can be advanced to push the closure device 521, e.g., a setscrew, into engagement with the pedicle screw housing 204. The driver308 can be rotated to cause the closure device 521 to rotate and engagethreading within the pedicle screw housing 204 to lock the rod 522 intoengagement with the pedicle screw housing 204. Thereafter, the tower 10and the reducer 300 can be removed from the pedicle screw housing 204and the rod 522 will remain seated in the housing 204 via the closuredevice 521.

The systems, devices and methods discussed in the present applicationcan be useful in performing spinal correction procedures using reducersthat can couple to extenders for bone anchors or pedicle screws. Thepresent disclosure describes reducers that facilitate rapid reduction ofa stabilization member into a pedicle screw housing, provide easy tooperate and robust coupling to a pedicle screw extender, and includeeasy placement of a closure device, e.g., a set screw. For example,reducers of the present disclosure can include a triple-pawl clutchmechanism that centers a reducing shaft within the extender and that canrapidly switch from a free state where the reducer can be rapidlyengaged with the stabilization member to an engaged state where thereducing shaft can be mechanically driven using a threaded engagement toprovide reducing action. Reducers of the present disclosure canadditionally include a coupling mechanism that can provide locked,unlocked and open coupling between the reducer and the extender. Thecoupling mechanism can be easily positioned onto the extender and thenlocked to provide a robust coupling that can remain attached to theextender under loaded situations, such as while reducing of astabilization member is being performed. Furthermore, reducers of thepresent disclosure can provide rapid attachment of a closure mechanism,set screw or closure top with a rapid deployment functionality wherein aclosure mechanism can be preloaded into the reducer before attachment toan extender and reduction is performed via loading of the reductionshaft, and then deployed after reducing is performed, such as by using aspring-loaded driver shaft.

The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form orforms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description, forexample, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in oneor more aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations for the purpose ofstreamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, embodiments,and/or configurations of the disclosure may be combined in alternateaspects, embodiments, and/or configurations other than those discussedabove. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflectingan intention that the claims require more features than are expresslyrecited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect,inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoingdisclosed aspect, embodiment, and/or configuration. Thus, the followingclaims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with eachclaim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of thedisclosure.

Moreover, though the foregoing has included description of one or moreaspects, embodiments, and/or configurations and certain variations andmodifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications arewithin the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill andknowledge of those in the art, after understanding the presentdisclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternativeaspects, embodiments, and/or configurations to the extent permitted,including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures,functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not suchalternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions,ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publiclydedicate any patentable subject matter.

Various Notes & Examples

Example 1 is a reducer for a pedicle screw extender, the reducercomprising: a reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member, thereducing shaft comprising a threaded proximal end; a reducer body forengaging the pedicle screw extender and slidably engaged with thereducing shaft along an axis; a clutch mechanism mounted to the reducerbody, the clutch mechanism comprising: a clutch housing comprising: anannular body; a central passage extending through the annular body intowhich the threaded proximal end of the reducing shaft is configured toextend; and a port extending into the annular body to intersect thecentral passage; a clutch knob surrounding the annular body; and aclutch pawl disposed within the port; wherein rotation of the clutchknob is configured to push the clutch pawl into engagement with thethreaded proximal end.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 optionally includes abiasing element positioned between the annular body and the clutch pawlto bias the clutch pawl away from the threaded proximal end.

In Example 3, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-2optionally include wherein the clutch pawl includes a thread segmentconfigured to engage threading of the threaded proximal end.

In Example 4, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-3optionally include wherein the clutch knob comprises an inner trackincluding a ramp configured to engage the clutch pawl, the rampincluding a curved face having a varying distance to the axis.

In Example 5, the subject matter of Example 4 optionally includeswherein the clutch mechanism further comprises: a depression on theclutch pawl facing radially outward; and a bump located on the innertrack configured to seat in the depression.

In Example 6, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-5optionally include wherein the clutch mechanism further comprises threeclutch pawls spaced equally apart.

In Example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-6optionally include wherein: the clutch pawl comprises: an oblong body; aguide body extend from the oblong body; and a thread segment located onthe guide body; and the port comprises: an oblong window configured toreceive the oblong body; and first and second backstops located in theoblong window to prevent the clutch pawl from passing into the centralpassage.

In Example 8, the subject matter of Example 7 optionally includeswherein the clutch mechanism further comprises: a first biasing memberpositioned between the first backstop and the oblong body; and a secondbiasing member positioned between the second backstop and the oblongbody.

In Example 9, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-8optionally include a locking mechanism to selectively immobilize thereducer body relative to the pedicle screw extender.

In Example 10, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-9optionally include a spring-loaded driver shaft extending through thereducing shaft.

Example 11 is a reducer for a pedicle screw extender, the reducercomprising: a reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member; areducer body for engaging the pedicle screw extender and slidablyengaged with the reducing shaft along an axis; and a locking mechanismconfigured to attach the reducer body to the pedicle screw extender, thelocking mechanism comprising: a first lever comprising: a first pivotingportion connected to the reducer body; and a toothed end; and a secondlever comprising: a second pivoting portion connected to the reducerbody; a socket configured to engage the tooth; and a protrusionconfigured to engage the pedicle screw extender through the reducerbody.

In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11 optionally includeswherein the toothed end is configured to engage the socket in threepositions to lock, unlock and open engagement between the reducer bodyand the pedicle screw extender.

In Example 13, the subject matter of Example 12 optionally includes abiasing element to push the first lever away from the reducer body.

In Example 14, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 12-13optionally include wherein the socket comprises: an inner flange; anouter flange; a trough positioned between the inner and outer flanges;and a channel extending into the trough.

In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 optionally includeswherein in the locked position: the tooth is positioned against theouter flange and the trough; and the protrusion is prevented from movingout of engagement with the pedicle screw extender by the first lever.

In Example 16, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 14-15optionally include wherein in the unlocked position: the tooth ispositioned against the inner flange; and the protrusion can move out ofengagement with the pedicle screw extender when moving downward onto thepedicle screw extender.

In Example 17, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 14-16optionally include wherein in the open position: the tooth is positionedagainst the channel and the inner flange; and the protrusion is movedout of engagement with the pedicle screw extender.

In Example 18, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 14-17optionally include wherein the protrusion comprises: a planar proximalsurface extending in a plane perpendicular to the axis; and a planardistal surface extending in a plane oblique to the axis.

In Example 19, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-18optionally include a triple pawl clutch mechanism mounted to the reducerbody, the triple pawl clutch mechanism configured to selectively allowthe reducing shaft to move through the reducer body.

In Example 20, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-19optionally include a spring-loaded driver shaft extending through thereducing shaft, the spring-loaded driver shaft configured to be biasedinto the reducing shaft and to be pushed such that a tip of the drivershaft moves toward a distal end of the biasing shaft.

Example 21 is a reducer for a pedicle screw extender, the reducercomprising: a canulated reducing shaft for engaging a stabilizationmember; a reducer body for engaging the pedicle screw extender andslidably engaged with the canulated reducing shaft along an axis; aclutch mechanism mounted to the reducer body, the clutch mechanismconfigured to selectively allow the reducing shaft to move through thereducer body to push the stabilization member into a housing of apedicle screw; and a closure mechanism comprising: a driver shaftextending through the canulated reducing shaft; and a biasing element tobias the driver shaft to a retracted position within the reducing shaft.

In Example 22, the subject matter of Example 21 optionally includeswherein the driver shaft comprises: a distal end comprising a driverelement; and a proximal end comprising a socket for receiving a driver.

In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 22 optionally includeswherein the driver shaft further comprising: a bore extending axiallyinto the socket; and a slot extending into the driver shaft to intersectthe bore.

In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 23 optionally includeswherein the closure mechanism further comprises a plunger comprising: acylindrical body attached to the reducer body; and a pin extendingthrough the cylindrical body to engage the slot.

In Example 25, the subject matter of Example 24 optionally includeswherein: the plunger further comprises a distal shelf located within thecylindrical body; and the driver shaft further comprises a landconfigured to engage the distal shelf when the driver shaft is fullyextended from the plunger.

In Example 26, the subject matter of Example 25 optionally includeswherein the plunger comprises a plurality of slots through which thedistal shelf and the land are visible.

In Example 27, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 22-26optionally include wherein the driver shaft further comprises a knoblocated at the proximal end.

In Example 28, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 22-27optionally include a handle coupled to a proximal end of the reducerbody, the handle comprising a plurality of windows through which theproximal end of the driver shaft is visible.

In Example 29, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 21-28optionally include wherein the clutch mechanism comprises a triple pawlchuck.

In Example 30, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 21-29optionally include a locking mechanism to selectively immobilize thereducer body relative to the pedicle screw extender.

Each of these non-limiting examples can stand on its own, or can becombined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of theother examples.

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanyingdrawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawingsshow, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which theinvention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred toherein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition tothose shown or described. However, the present invention alsocontemplates examples in which only those elements shown or describedare provided. Moreover, the present invention also contemplates examplesusing any combination or permutation of those elements shown ordescribed (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to aparticular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect toother examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or describedherein.

In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and anydocuments so incorporated by reference, the usage in this documentcontrols.

In this document, the terms "a" or "an" are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one, independent of any otherinstances or usages of "at least one" or "one or more." In thisdocument, the term "or" is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that"A or B" includes "A but not B," "B but not A," and "A and B," unlessotherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “inwhich” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms“comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms“including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device,article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements inaddition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemedto fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the followingclaims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merelyas labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements ontheir objects.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or moreaspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Otherembodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the artupon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to complywith 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain thenature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with theunderstanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scopeor meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description,various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure.This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosedfeature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter maylie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment.Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the DetailedDescription as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on itsown as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that suchembodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations orpermutations. The scope of the invention should be determined withreference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A reducer for a pedicle screw extender, thereducer comprising: a reducing shaft for engaging a stabilizationmember, the reducing shaft comprising a threaded proximal end; a reducerbody for engaging the pedicle screw extender and slidably engaged withthe reducing shaft along an axis; a clutch mechanism mounted to thereducer body, the clutch mechanism comprising: a clutch housingcomprising: an annular body; a central passage extending through theannular body into which the threaded proximal end of the reducing shaftis configured to extend; and a port extending into the annular body tointersect the central passage; a clutch knob surrounding the annularbody; and a clutch pawl disposed within the port; wherein rotation ofthe clutch knob is configured to push the clutch pawl into engagementwith the threaded proximal end.
 2. The reducer of claim 1, furthercomprising a biasing element positioned between the annular body and theclutch pawl to bias the clutch pawl away from the threaded proximal end.3. The reducer of claim 1, wherein the clutch pawl includes a threadsegment configured to engage threading of the threaded proximal end. 4.The reducer of claim 1, wherein the clutch knob comprises an inner trackincluding a ramp configured to engage the clutch pawl, the rampincluding a curved face having a varying distance to the axis.
 5. Thereducer of claim 4, wherein the clutch mechanism further comprises: adepression on the clutch pawl facing radially outward; and a bumplocated on the inner track configured to seat in the depression.
 6. Thereducer of claim 1, wherein: the clutch pawl comprises: an oblong body;a guide body extending from the oblong body; and a thread segmentlocated on the guide body; and the port comprises: an oblong windowconfigured to receive the oblong body; and first and second backstopslocated in the oblong window to prevent the clutch pawl from passinginto the central passage.
 7. The reducer of claim 6, wherein the clutchmechanism further comprises: a first biasing member positioned betweenthe first backstop and the oblong body; and a second biasing memberpositioned between the second backstop and the oblong body.
 8. A reducerfor a pedicle screw extender, the reducer comprising: a reducing shaftfor engaging a stabilization member; a reducer body for engaging thepedicle screw extender and slidably engaged with the reducing shaftalong an axis; and a locking mechanism configured to attach the reducerbody to the pedicle screw extender, the locking mechanism comprising: afirst lever comprising: a first pivoting portion connected to thereducer body; and a toothed end; and a second lever comprising: a secondpivoting portion connected to the reducer body; a socket configured toengage the tooth; and a protrusion configured to engage the pediclescrew extender through the reducer body.
 9. The reducer of claim 8,wherein the toothed end is configured to engage the socket in threepositions to lock, unlock and open engagement between the reducer bodyand the pedicle screw extender.
 10. The reducer of claim 8, furthercomprising a triple pawl clutch mechanism mounted to the reducer body,the triple pawl clutch mechanism configured to selectively allow thereducing shaft to move through the reducer body.
 11. The reducer ofclaim 8, further comprising a spring-loaded driver shaft extendingthrough the reducing shaft, the spring-loaded driver shaft configured tobe biased into the reducing shaft and to be pushed such that a tip ofthe driver shaft moves toward a distal end of the biasing shaft.
 12. Areducer for a pedicle screw extender, the reducer comprising: acanulated reducing shaft for engaging a stabilization member; a reducerbody for engaging the pedicle screw extender and slidably engaged withthe canulated reducing shaft along an axis; a clutch mechanism mountedto the reducer body, the clutch mechanism configured to selectivelyallow the reducing shaft to move through the reducer body to push thestabilization member into a housing of a pedicle screw; and a closuremechanism comprising: a driver shaft extending through the canulatedreducing shaft; and a biasing element to bias the driver shaft to aretracted position within the reducing shaft.
 13. The reducer of claim12, wherein the driver shaft comprises: a distal end comprising a driverelement; and a proximal end comprising a socket for receiving a driver.14. The reducer of claim 13, wherein the driver shaft furthercomprising: a bore extending axially into the socket; and a slotextending into the driver shaft to intersect the bore.
 15. The reducerof claim 14, wherein the closure mechanism further comprises a plungercomprising: a cylindrical body attached to the reducer body; and a pinextending through the cylindrical body to engage the slot.
 16. Thereducer of claim 15, wherein: the plunger further comprises a distalshelf located within the cylindrical body; and the driver shaft furthercomprises a land configured to engage the distal shelf when the drivershaft is fully extended from the plunger.
 17. The reducer of claim 16,wherein the plunger comprises a plurality of slots through which thedistal shelf and the land are visible.
 18. The reducer of claim 13,wherein the driver shaft further comprises a knob located at theproximal end.
 19. The reducer of claim 13, further comprising a handlecoupled to a proximal end of the reducer body, the handle comprising aplurality of windows through which the proximal end of the driver shaftis visible.
 20. The reducer of claim 12, further comprising a lockingmechanism to selectively immobilize the reducer body relative to thepedicle screw extender.